An Automated Survey of Generative Artificial Intelligence: Large Language Models, Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
Summary: arXiv:2306.02781v4 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence, and large language models in particular, have emerged as one of the most transformative paradigms in modern computer science. This automated survey provides an accessible treatment of the field as of early 2026, with a strong focus on the leading model families, deployment protocols, and real-world applications.
Survey Overview
The core of the survey is devoted to a detailed comparative analysis of the frontier large language models, with particular emphasis on open-weight systems:
- DeepSeek-V3
- DeepSeek-R1
- DeepSeek-V3.2
- DeepSeek V4 (forthcoming)
- Qwen 3 and Qwen 3.5 series
- GLM-5
- Kimi K2.5
- MiniMax M2.5
- LLaMA 4
- Mistral Large 3
- Gemma 3
- Phi-4
Additionally, the survey discusses proprietary systems including:
- GPT-5.4
- Gemini 3.1 Pro
- Grok 4.20
- Claude Opus 4.6
Model Analysis
For each model, we describe the architectural innovations, training regimes, and empirical performance on current benchmarks and the Chatbot Arena leaderboard. The analysis highlights the unique features that differentiate these models from one another, showcasing advancements in natural language processing and understanding.
Deployment Protocols
The survey further covers deployment protocols, which include:
- Retrieval-Augmented Generation
- Model Context Protocol
- Agent-to-Agent Protocol
- Function Calling Standards
- Serving Frameworks
Real-World Applications
An extensive review of real-world applications across fifteen industry sectors is provided, including:
- Financial Services
- Legal Technology
- Tourism
- Agriculture
- Healthcare
- Education
- Retail
- Manufacturing
- Real Estate
- Media and Entertainment
- Transportation
- Telecommunications
- Energy
- Non-Profit Sector
- Government Services
This comprehensive survey is supported by empirical evidence and case studies, illustrating the practical implications and benefits of generative AI in various fields. It aims to provide insights for researchers, developers, and industry professionals alike.
Future Editions
This work has been generated by Claude Opus 4.6 (Anthropic) under the supervision and editorial review of the human authors, with the goal of producing updated editions approximately every six months to keep pace with the rapidly evolving field of generative artificial intelligence.